POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

–

write

I

do

not

write

do

I

write

you

–

write

you

do

not

write

do

you

write

we

–

write

we

do

not

write

do

we

write

they

–

write

they

do

not

write

do

they

write

he

–

writes

he

does

not

write

does

he

write

she

–

writes

she

does

not

write

does

she

write

it

–

writes

it

does

not

write

does

it

write

İşin mantığı: Dünya yuvarlaktır (genel) , Ateş yakar (genel) , İnsanlar acıkır ….. Gibi genel olayları ve durumları vurgulamak için Simple Present tense kullanılır.

1.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen

2.Most animals kill only for food

3.The world is round

Simple Present tense genelde olan olay ve durumla rı vurgulamak için kullanılır ,bunlar; geçmişte vardı , şu an var , gelecekte de olacak . örn: Dünyanın dönmesi .

1.I study for two hours every night

2.My classes begin at nine

3.He always eats a sandwich for lunch

Simple present tense günlük aktiviteleri ve alışkanlıkları vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

1.I don’t recognize that man

2.He needs a pen right now

Belirli fiilerin continuous tense ( şimdiki zaman ) halleri olmadığından bu tens’te kullanılmaları zorunludur.

Sonu s , sh , ch , x ile biten sözcüklerin çoğulu ve fiilerin geniş zaman halleri -es takısı alırlar.

Sonu y ile biten sözcükler – ies takısı alırlar , fakat y nin önünde sesli harf varsa sonuna sadece – s gelir

Sonu f veya fe ile biten sözcükler – ves takısıyla çoğul olurlar

Geniş zamanda Have fiili he , she , it için has olarak değişir.
· I have a shover everyday · John has a shover everyday

Sıklık belirten fiiller Sımple present tens’te özneden hemen sonra gelirler
always / Never / often / Sometimes / Usually + Present simple (Geniş zaman)

· Sue always arrives at work early · I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk · Julia never eats breakfast

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

am

writing

I

am

not

writing

am

I

writing

you

are

writing

you

are

not

writing

are

you

writing

we

are

writing

we

are

not

writing

are

we

writing

they

are

writing

they

are

not

writing

are

they

writing

he

is

writing

he

is

not

writing

is

he

writing

she

is

writing

she

is

not

writing

is

she

writing

it

is

writing

it

is

not

writing

is

it

writing

Bu tens konuşma anında devam eden (süren) aktiviteleri vurgulamak için kullanılır ( ŞU AN )

· John is sleeping right now

· I need an umbrella because it is raining

· John and marry are talking on phone

Bu tens ayrıca genelde süreklilik halinde olan aktiviteleri vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

· I am taking five course this semester

· John is trying to improve his work habits

· She is writing another book this year

Sonu – e ile biten fiillerde -e düşer – ing gelir

Sonu – ie ile biten fiiller – ying takısı alırlar

Eğer tek heceli bir fiilin sonu ( sesli + sessiz ) harf ile bitiyorsa son sessiz ikilenerek – ing takısı alır.

İki veya daha fazla heceli fiilerde son sessizin ikilenmesine gerek yoktur

Sonu iki sessizle biten tek heceli fiiler direkt olarak – ing takısı alırlar

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

–

wrote

I

did

not

write

did

I

write

you

–

wrote

you

did

not

write

did

you

write

we

–

wrote

we

did

not

write

did

we

write

they

–

wrote

they

did

not

write

did

they

write

he

–

wrote

he

did

not

write

did

he

write

she

–

wrote

she

did

not

write

did

she

write

it

–

wrote

it

did

not

write

did

it

write

Simple past , geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlamış ve bitmiş bir durum veya aktiviteyi işaret eder.

FORMÜLÜ: Özne + Verb 2 ( Fiilin 2. hali )—- yani Simple past hali

 I walked to school yesterday

 He lived in paris for ten years , but now he is living in rome

 I bought a new car three days ago

Eğer Simple past tense ile kurulmuş bir cümle (When) kalıbını içeriyorsa : when ile başlayan cümle diğerinden önce  olmuştur aşağıdaki ilk örnekte önce yağmur başladı sonra ağacın altında durdum ifadesi anlaşılmalıdır.

 I stood under a tree when it began to rain

 when she heard a atrange noise she got up to investigate

 when I dropped my cup , the coffee spilled on my lap

Eğer geçmiş zaman (past tense) ile kullanılan bir cümlenin  fiili yoksa geçmiş zamanı belirtmek için: was , were kullanılması zorunludur.

• Last year Rachel was 22 , so she is 23 now
• When I was a child , I was afraid of dogs
• we were hungry after the journey but we weren’t tired
• the hotel was comfortable but it wasn’t expensive
• was the weather good when you were on holiday
• those shoes are nice . were they expensive
• why were you late this morning

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

have

written

I

have

not

written

have

I

written

you

have

written

you

have

not

written

have

you

written

we

have

written

we

have

not

written

have

we

written

they

have

written

they

have

not

written

have

they

written

he

has

written

he

has

not

written

has

he

written

she

has

written

she

has

not

written

has

she

written

it

has

written

it

has

not

written

has

it

written

1. They have moved into a new aparttment.

2. Have you ever visited Mexico.

3. I have already seen that movie.

4. I have never seen snow

Present Perfect şu fikri vurgular: Şu andan önce meyda na gelmiş veya gelmemiş birşeyi anlatırken kesin zaman ın önemli olmadığı durumlar. (Eğer belirli bir zaman var sa Simple past kullanılır.)

5. We have had four tests so far this semester

6. I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.

7. I have met many people since I came here in june

8. I have flown on an airplane many times

Present perfect birde  şu andan önceki bir aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular,her tekrarın kesin zamanı önemli değildir

9. I have been here since seven o’clock

10.We have been here for two weeks

11.I have had this same pair of shoes for three years

12.I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child

Present perfect tense ayrıca for ve since ile kullanı labilir. O zaman şunu vurgular: Bir durum geçmişte başlmış  şu anda da devam ediyor

Since + belirli bir zaman ( since: denberi )

For + zamanın sürekliliği ( For: dır )

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

have

been writing

I

have

not

been writing

have

I

been writing

you

have

been writing

you

have

not

been writing

have

you

been writing

we

have

been writing

we

have

not

been writing

have

we

been writing

they

have

been writing

they

have

not

been writing

have

they

been writing

he

has

been writing

he

has

not

been writing

has

he

been writing

she

has

been writing

she

has

not

been writing

has

she

been writing

it

has

been writing

it

has

not

been writing

has

it

been writing

Present Perfect continuous , yakın zamanda veya henüz sona ermiş bir aktivitenin ifadesinde kullanılabilir

bu aktivitenin şu an ile bağlantısı vardır.

Örn: Eve gittiniz çocuğunuzun gözleri kıpkırmızı ve ne olduğunu öğreneceksiniz . What have you been doing  demeniz lazım ( What are you doing olmaz.)

Örn: A şahsı avrupa turuna çıkmış ve B şahsıyla ispanyada karşılaşıyor  A’ nın gideceği  yerler sıralı:

A: What have you been doing ? ( Ne yapıyorsun )

B: I have been traveling around Europe

(eğer A şahsı: What are you doing deseydi , B şahsı o anda ne yapıyorsa onu söylerdi , alışveriş yapıyo rum vs. derdi.)

A: Which countries have you visited

B: I have visited France and England and now I’m in Spain , I haven’t been Germany and Italy yet.

Right now I am sitting at my desk.

1. I have been sitting here since seven o’clock.

2. I have been sitting here for two hours

3. You have been studying for five straight hourse

Bu tens bir aktivitenin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için kullanılır.Sözü edilen aktivite geçmişte başladı ve şu an devam etmektedir. Tense bu anlamı zamanı simgeleyen kelimelerle veririz. Bunlar:

For , Since , all morning , all day , all week.

5. I have been thinking about changing my major.

6. All of the students have been studying hard .Final   exams start next week.

7. My back hurts , so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. the bed is too soft.

Presen perfect continuous tens zamanın herhangi bir spesifik anlamı dışında kullanıldığında, genel bir aktivitenin son zamanlardaki sürekliliğini vurgular.

8. I have lived here since 1985

I have been living here since 1985

9. he has worked at the same store for ten years

He has been working at the same store for ten  years

Live , work , teach gibi continuous tensleri olan fiillerle since veya for kullanıldığında , present perfect continuous ile present perfect simple arasın da pek bir fark olmaz. Yandaki örneklerde pek bir anlam farkı yoktu

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

had

written

I

had

not

written

had

I

written

you

had

written

you

had

not

written

had

you

written

we

had

written

we

had

not

written

had

we

written

they

had

written

they

had

not

written

had

they

written

he

had

written

he

had

not

written

had

he

written

she

had

written

she

had

not

written

had

she

written

it

had

written

it

had

not

written

had

it

written

1. My parents had already eaten by the time I got home

2. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it .

3. The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock thedoor.

Past perfect tense: gemişte bir aktivitenin başka bir aktiviteden önce tamamlandığını vurgular. yani:Geç mişte oluşmuş iki eylem var fakat 1. eylem , 2.cisin den önce olmuş işte 1.eylem past perfec tir.

4. Sam had already left when we got there

5. Sam had left before we got there

6. Sam left before we got there

7. after the guests had left. I went to bed

4. d: önce sam ayrıldı sonra biz oraya vardık. (yani: biz vardığımızda sam ayrılmıştı). Eğer bir cümlede before veya after kullanılıyorsa genellikle past per fect tense gerekli değildir. Simple past 6. ve 8. ci örneklerde belki kullanılabilir. Not: 5-6 ve 7-8 aynı an lamdadır.

• When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had already gone home
• When we got home last night , we found that somebody had broken into the flat
• Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because  she had already seen the film.
• I didn’t know who she was . I had never seen her before
• The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

was

writing

I

was

not

writing

was

I

writing

he

was

writing

he

was

not

writing

was

he

writing

she

was

writing

she

was

not

writing

was

she

writing

it

was

writing

it

was

not

writing

was

it

writing

we

were

writing

we

were

not

writing

were

we

writing

you

were

writing

you

were

not

writing

were

you

writing

they

were

writing

they

were

not

writing

were

they

writing

İşin Mantığı: geçmişte süregelen bir eylem kesintiye uğruyor.

Örn: dün tam okula yürürken yağmur başladı  ( yürüme eylemi sürerken , bu ylemin belirli bir yerinde  yağmur eyleminin devreye girmesi)

1. I was walking down the street when it began to rain

2. While I was walking down the street,it began to rain

3. I was standing under a tree when it began to rain

1. de Önce caddeden aşağıya yürüyordum,sonra yağmur başladı.Örneklerde iki eylemde aynı zamanda meydana geliyor fakat biri, diğeri başladığında ,daha önce başlayıp süreklilik halin dedir.

4. At eight o’clock last night , I was studying

5. Last year at this time I was attending school

4. örnekte: Benim çalışmam 8’den önce başladı ve 8’de ben çalışıyordum, muhtemelen çalışmam sonrasın dada devam etti

6. While I was studying in one room of our apartment my roommate was having a party in the other room

Eğer iki eylem benzer şekilde süreklilik halindeyse Past continuous cümlenin iki bölümündede kullanı labilir (baazen)

7. It rained this morning

8. It was raining

Bazı durumlarda simple past ve past continuous aynı anlamı verebilir (7 ve 8 deki gibi)

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

had

been writing

I

had

not

been writing

had

I

been writing

you

had

been writing

you

had

not

been writing

had

you

been writing

we

had

been writing

we

had

not

been writing

had

we

been writing

they

had

been writing

they

had

not

been writing

had

they

been writing

he

had

been writing

he

had

not

been writing

had

he

been writing

she

had

been writing

she

had

not

been writing

had

she

been writing

it

had

been writing

it

had

not

been writing

had

it

been writing

Geçmişte olmuş iki eylem var ve bunlardan önce olanın sürekliliği past perfect continuous tense ile vurgu lanır.

1. Our game of  tennis was interrupted. we’d been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very havily.

2. Ken give up smoking two years ago. He’d been smoking for 30 years.

1. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him

2. The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before  a doctor finally treated her

3. He finally came at six o’clock I had been waiting for him since four – thirty.

Past perfect continuous: geçmişte bir eylemden önce başka bir eylemin süreklilik içerisinde oldu ğunu vurgular.

4. When judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming

5.Her eyes were red because she  had been crying

Bu tens ayrıca geçmişteki bir eyleme yakın zamanlı fakat ondan daha önce olan bağlantısız bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için de kulanılır.

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

will

write

I

will

not

write

will

I

write

you

will

write

you

will

not

write

will

you

write

we

will

write

we

will

not

write

will

we

write

they

will

write

they

will

not

write

will

they

write

he

will

write

he

will

not

write

will

he

write

she

will

write

she

will

not

write

will

she

write

it

will

write

it

will

not

write

will

it

write

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

am

going to

write

I

am

not

going to

write

am

I

going to

write

you

are

going to

write

you

are

not

going to

write

are

you

going to

write

we

are

going to

write

we

are

not

going to

write

are

we

going to

write

they

are

going to

write

they

are

not

going to

write

are

they

going to

write

he

is

going to

write

he

is

not

going to

write

is

he

going to

write

she

is

going to

write

she

is

not

going to

write

is

she

going to

write

it

is

going to

write

it

is

not

going to

write

is

it

going to

write

Konuşma anında geleceğe dönük bir eylemi ifade etmek için will kullanılır. Going to ise önceden yapılan planlar ve niyetler için kullanılır.

Örn: biri paltosunu giydi dışarıya çıkıyor. onu gören kişi will ile soru sorar, çıkan kişinin diyelim ki o saatte biriyle buluşması gerekiyor  ( önceden planlamış ) going to ile cevap verir.

1. He will finished his work tomorrow.

2. He is going to finish his work tomorrow

Will veya be going to , gelecek zamanı vurgulamak için kullanılır.

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

will

be

writing

I

will

not

be

writing

will

I

be

writing

you

will

be

writing

you

will

not

be

writing

will

you

be

writing

we

will

be

writing

we

will

not

be

writing

will

we

be

writing

they

will

be

writing

they

will

not

be

writing

will

they

be

writing

he

will

be

writing

he

will

not

be

writing

will

he

be

writing

she

will

be

writing

she

will

not

be

writing

will

she

be

writing

it

will

be

writing

it

will

not

be

writing

will

it

be

writing

I will be doing something = birşeyler yapıyor olacağım ( bir eylemin ortasında olacağım )

Örn: The football match begins at 7:30 and ends at  9:15  so  during this time ,for example  8:30 , Kevin will be watching the match.

– This time tomorrow I’ll be travelling through france

– In the 21 st century, people  will be living to the age of 130

1. I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight . I will be studying when you come.

2. Right now I am sitting in class . At the same time tomorrow I will be sitting in class.

The future continuous tense gelecek zamanda bir aktivitenin süreklilik halinde olacağını vurgular.

3. Don’t call me at nine , because I won’t be home .I am ging to be studying at the library.

be going to nun continuous formu:

be going to + be + – ing

4. Don’t get impatient . She will be coming soon

5. Don’t get impatient . She will come soon

Baazen future continuous ile simple future arasında çok çok az bir farklılık vardır veya hiçbir farklılık yoktur. Özellikle  gelecekteki olay belirsiz bir zaman da meydana gelmişse.

Not: teklif sorularında mutlaka shall kullan . will kullanma

· shall we phone to see what time the film start

· shall I carry that heavy case for you

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

will

have

written

I

will

not

have

written

will

I

have

written

you

will

have

written

you

will

not

have

written

will

you

have

written

we

will

have

written

we

will

not

have

written

will

we

have

written

they

will

have

written

they

will

not

have

written

will

they

have

written

he

will

have

written

he

will

not

have

written

will

he

have

written

she

will

have

written

she

will

not

have

written

will

she

have

written

it

will

have

written

it

will

not

have

written

will

it

have

written

Future Perfect tense: Gelecekte , kesin bir zamandan önce birşeyin tamamlanmış olacağını vurgular Örn: 1.He will have finished his exams by december.

2.Kevin’s football match ends at 9:15 so after this time ,for example at 9:30 the matcah will have finished.

3.Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning , so she will not be at home at 9 o’clock.She will   have  gone to work. ( sally sabahları daima 8:30 da işe gider bundan dolayı saat 9 da evde olmayacak,işe gitmiş olacak)

4.We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema ( Geç kaldık, biz sinema ya varana kadar film başlamış olacak.)

5.When their first child was born ,they had been married for three years. – past perfect

Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years – present perfect

Next year they will have been married for 25 years – future perfect

 I will graduate in june . I will see you in july. By the next time I see you , I will have graduat ed

 I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.

The future perfect tense: Gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce tamamlanmış bir aktiviteyi vurgular

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

will

have been

writing

I

will

not

have been

writing

will

I

have been

writing

you

will

have been

writing

you

will

not

have been

writing

will

you

have been

writing

we

will

have been

writing

we

will

not

have been

writing

will

we

have been

writing

they

will

have been

writing

they

will

not

have been

writing

will

they

have been

writing

he

will

have been

writing

he

will

not

have been

writing

will

he

have been

writing

she

will

have been

writing

she

will

not

have been

writing

will

she

have been

writing

it

will

have been

writing

it

will

not

have been

writing

will

it

have been

writing

Future Perfect continuous: gelecekteki bir zaman diliminde bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgular .

örn: She will have been teaching here for thirty years by the time she retires next year.

örn: Margeret was born in 1950. by the year 2000, she will have been living on this earth for 50 years

1. I will go to bed at ten p.m. he will get home at midnight, at midnight I will be sleeping . I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home.

The future perfect continuous ,gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce bir eylemin süreklilik içinde ola cağını vurgular.

2. When Professor jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.

3. When professor jones retires next month , he will have been teaching for 45 years

Bazen Future perfect ve Future perfect continuous aynı anlamı verir . örn: 2 ve 3 teki gibi. Ayrıca sözko nusu aktivitenin geçmiş zamanda başlamış olabile ceği de dikkate alınmalıdır.

1. Ann and Andy got married on june 1.st. Today is june 14 th. Ann and Andy have been married for two weeks.By june 28 th , they will have been married for four weeks.

2. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class ,

I have been sitting here for a half an hour . By 11:00

I will have been sitting here for two hours.

3. I am getting tired of sitting in the car . Do you realize that by the time we arrive in phoenix, we will have been driving for twenty straight hours.

4. I don’t understand how those marathon runners do it . The race began over an hour ago . By the time they reach the finish line , they will have been running steadily for more than two hours. I don’t think I can run more than two minutes.

5.We have been married for a long time . By our next anniversary ,  we will have been married for 43 years.